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The beholder is a fictional monster in the ''Dungeons & Dragons'' fantasy role-playing game. Its appearance is that of a floating orb of flesh with a large mouth, single central eye, and many smaller eyestalks on top with deadly magical powers. The Beholder is among the most classic of all Dungeons & Dragons monsters, appearing in every edition of the game since 1975. Different breeds of beholders have different magic abilities. Beholders are one of the few classic Dungeons & Dragons monsters that Wizards of the Coast claims as Product Identity. ==Publication history== Unlike many other ''Dungeons & Dragons'' monsters, the beholder is an original creation for D&D, as it is not based on a creature from mythology or other fiction. Rob Kuntz's brother Theron O. Kuntz created the ''Beholder'', and Gary Gygax detailed it for publication. The beholder was introduced with the first Dungeons & Dragons supplement, ''Greyhawk'' (1975), and is depicted on its cover (as shown in the section below).〔Gygax, Gary and Robert J. Kuntz. ''Supplement I: Greyhawk'' (TSR, 1975)〕 It is described as a "Sphere of Many Eyes" or "Eye Tyrant," a levitating globe with ten magical eye stalks. The beholder later appears in the ''Companion Rules'' set, in the ''Dungeon Masters Companion: Book Two'' (1984).〔Mentzer, Frank. ''Dungeons & Dragons Set 3: Companion Rules'' (TSR, 1984)〕 In 1991, it appears in the ''Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia''.〔Allston, Aaron, Steven E. Schend, Jon Pickens, and Dori Watry. ''Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia'' (TSR, 1991)〕 With the release of ''Advanced Dungeons & Dragons'' 1st edition, the beholder appeared in the first edition ''Monster Manual'' (1977), where it is described as a hateful, aggressive, avaricious spherical monster that is most frequently found underground. Ed Greenwood and Roger E Moore authored "The Ecology of the Beholder," which featured in Dragon #76 (August 1983).〔Greenwood, Ed, and Roger E Moore. "The Ecology of the Beholder." ''Dragon'' #76 (TSR, 1983)〕 Second edition supplements to ''Advanced Dungeons & Dragons'', especially those of the ''Spelljammer'' campaign setting, added further details about these classic creatures' societies and culture. Beholders feature prominently in the Spelljammer setting, and a number of variants and related creatures are introduced in the ''Spelljammer: AD&D Adventures in Space'' campaign set, in the ''Lorebook of the Void'' booklet (1989). It also appeared in the ''Monstrous Compendium Volume One'' (1989),〔Cook, David, et al. ''Monstrous Compendium Volume One'' (TSR, 1989)〕 and is reprinted in the ''Monstrous Manual'' (1993).〔Stewart, Doug, ed. ''Monstrous Manual'' (TSR, 1994)〕 The book ''I, Tyrant'' (1996),〔Allston, Aaron. ''I, Tyrant'' (TSR, 1996)〕 and the ''Monstrous Arcana'' module series that accompanies it, develops the beholder further. ''I, Tyrant'' expands the information on beholders through details of the race's history, religion, culture, settlements and psychology, and more.〔 Based on Tom Wham's depiction in the first edition ''Monster Manual'', TSR artist Keith Parkinson characterized its popular appearance with plate-like armored scales and arthropod-like eyestalks. Jeff Grubb cites Keith Parkinson's artwork as the inspiration for the beholder-kin created for the Spelljammer campaign setting. The Beholder's xenophobia towards other subraces of Beholders was added after Jim Holloway submitted multiple designs for the Beholder's spelljamming ship and Jeff Grubb decided to keep them all and used xenophobia to explain the differences in design style.〔(Grubb Street, Friday, April 18, 2008: Beholder ) - ''So when I asked for beholder ships, he'' (Jim Holloway) ''gave me a wide variety. And we decided to use ALL of them, and since they were radically different we decided that beholders were xenophobic and hated other beholders. And since various artists over the years made beholders look doughy, crab-like, tentacled, and a variety of other shapes, the idea of different species of beholders (all looking different) made sense.''〕 The third edition of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' included the Beholder in the ''Monster Manual'' (2000) with the expanded monster statistics of this release.〔Cook, Monte, Jonathan Tweet, and Skip Williams. ''Monster Manual'' (Wizards of the Coast, 2000)〕 Beholder variants appear in ''Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerun'' (2001).〔Wyatt, James, and Rob Heinsoo. ''Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerun'' (Wizards of the Coast, 2001)〕 The beholder then appears in the revised ''Monster Manual'' for the 3.5 edition (2003). The beholder receives its own chapter in the book ''Lords of Madness: The Book of Aberrations'' (2005).〔Baker, Rich, James Jacobs, and Steve Winter. ''Lords of Madness'' (Wizards of the Coast, 2005)〕 With the release of the fourth edition of ''Dungeons & Dragons'', the beholder once again appears in the ''Monster Manual'' for this edition (2008), including the ''beholder eye of flame'' and the ''beholder eye tyrant''.〔Mearls, Mike, Stephen Schubert, and James Wyatt. ''Monster Manual'' (Wizards of the Coast, 2008)〕 Variants of the beholder also appear in ''Monster Manual 2'' (2009), and ''Monster Manual 3'' (2010).〔Mearls, Mike, Greg Bilsland, and Robert J. Schwalb. ''Monster Manual 3''. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2010〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beholder (Dungeons & Dragons)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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